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Study Guided Essay List and explain the five basic functions common to national governments throughout the world. The five basic functions common to national governments throughout the world are to establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty. Providing justice means to ensure fairness to all people, insuring domestic tranquility to keep peace, provide for the common defense meaning provide an army to defend against attack, promoting the general welfare meaning to ensure health and needed things, and securing the blessings of liberty meaning to keep all rights of the people secure. 2. Define government and define politics. Government is the system by which a nation, state or community is controlled under. Politics is the activities associated with the government of a country or area. List and explain four common challenges to democracy. One of the four common challenges to democracy is the fact that representatives elected by the people may not really be the most capable for forming a government; not all people know what the best way of government is or who is most capable of running it. Another is the fact that the people elected to govern may compromise the interest of the public to serve their own interests. Another of the four common challenges to democracy is the size of a democratic government; it is often very large, which can lead to conflict and gridlock. Finally, since a government is dependent on the votes of the people, the members may simply take short-term actions that will help them get elected, rather than actions which will help the nation for the long run. 4. How is public policy determined and implemented? [pic] a. How does a person’s problem become a policy issue? b. List the four linkage institutions and identify how each one connects the policy issue with policymaking institutions. c. List the four Policy Making (PM) institutions. Explain each, as well as their collective role in the PM System. This electoral plan was democratic, but not at all completely democratic. It was democratic in such a way that the people have a say in who becomes president and get to vote on it. It was not completely democratic, however, because of the fact that they were not directly voting on candidates and because technically, their votes meant nothing in the case of a faithless elector. 8. What has since changed? How? The electoral college still elects the president every four years, but it no longer has all of the say in who becomes president like it used to. 9. Who determined the eligibility for voting in federal elections? At the time of the Constitution’s ratification, who was eligible to vote? The Federal Elections Commission determined the eligibility for voting in federal elections. At the time of the Constitution’s ratification, only white males who owned land were eligible to vote in these federal elections. 10. Identify the influences of John Locke on the founding fathers and analyze how his social contract influenced our founding documents. Be sure to identify the terms â€Å"social contract†, â€Å"natural rights†, â€Å"consent of the governed† and â€Å"popular sovereignty†. John Locke had a profound influence on political philosophy; especially on modern liberalism. He argued supporting the social contract, an agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social beliefs.