History of design Essay Example for Free

History of design Essay The design history is commonly defined as the study of the objects in their stylish and historical context. This includes social, economical, technical, Cultural and aesthetic. The history of design has in it the study of all designed objects including the fashions, interiors, graphics designs, industrial and product design. The history of design has to incorporate the heroic criticism of its discipline in material culture establishment. History of design has played a major role in understanding the forma used methods of doing work until the discovery and innovations of machines in the 19th and 20th century. The role of machine in 19th and 20th century Machine is the most defining entity in the 19th and 20th century. Its entrance in the turn of the centuries was significance to the modern age and was facilitated by energy and its productivity. The innovation of the machines contributed to many changes including the shifting of people from the rural areas to the urban areas. This made people see the world in different perspective and felt as if everything was possible. The innovation of the machine had an effect to the labor practices. The aspect on which the work was being done changed, machines was viewed a savior as it would do more work at a shorter time compared to human and animals. The cultivation and tilling of land was made easy as machines would different types of work under control of one person and hence increased production. The labor practices on the other hand had some negative impact in the innovation of machines. The work that several people would be hired to do, would be done by one machine therefore contributing to the losing of jobs. (Dee, 2005) Industrial design can be defined as an applied art where aesthetic of large quantity of produced products can be improved for marketing. The industrial designer role is creating and executing design and solutions for problems of form, engineering, brand development, usability, sales and user ergonomics. The introduction of machine in the industrial design enables the given firm a chance to have mass production of products. In the 19th and 20 nth century, the introduction of machines enabled the crafts firms have more production therefore increasing profit margins. With the introduction of machines, some countries were able to put themselves in a competitive footing with other countries that had the same level of innovation. (Arthur, 1988) According to the Carma Gorman, an industrial design reader, logo has a shouting power to market the industry. The industrial designer should take into consideration the distinctiveness of the company in the market which may be determined by the designed logo. As the work of the designer is to create all the solutions that would ensure the industry has a competitive footage with others of the same field. Gorman, 2003) Innovation of machines increased efficiency in doing work. Much work could be done with the innovation of machine and be completed in a shorter time compared to work done manual. Due to high power production by the machine, some of the hard task could be done that could have otherwise required some people to accomplish. Besides doing difficult tasks, machine would do more work effectively compared to human or man power. Due to effectiveness of the machines, it was easy to predict how much work would be done and how much time would be taken to accomplish the task. Ornament is decoration detail that is mostly used to decorate or beautify part of a building or the interior furnishing. As this is done on various surfaces ranging from soft to hard surfaces like on stones, wood, metal, clay and plaster, it would require a machine to this king of work. Before the innovation of machines, this was done by hand which consumed much time and energy. The introduction of machines helped in making more complex designs on clothes, ceramics, furnishers, metalwork and on clay. (John, 1963) Machines have strengthened the cultural identity and have increased our standard of living by creating wealth in the economy. In the hierarchy of designs have gone to an extent of explaining how helpful machines are to our modern life. There has been a continued development and need for the machines to do the most complex work that cannot be done without the help of the machine. (Baker, 2007), Conclusions The innovation of machines has helped in the formation new tread of performing different duties. It was through the introduction of machine more complex work was done in a short time. This helped in improving on efficiency and increase in the quantity production.

Dual Diagnosis: Eating Disorders and Alcohol/Substance Abuse

Dual Diagnosis: Eating Disorders and Alcohol/Substance Abuse Alcoholism is characterized by a strong craving to drink, an inability to stop drinking once beginning, a physical dependence upon alcohol to prevent symptoms of withdrawal, and a need for greater amounts of alcohol due to increased tolerance. Substance abuse is defined as the routine use of harmful substances for mood-altering purposes and can include illicit drugs, such as cocaine or heroin, prescription or over-the-counter drugs. Because alcoholism and substance abuse are known as co-occurring disorders, it usually develops alongside other illnesses, such aseating disorderor anxiety disorder. Eating disorders have been associated with high risk substance abuse as the individual has extremely low self-esteem and anxiety, to cope with their painful feelings they turn to stimulants like cocaine or meth, alcohol, laxatives, diuretics, emetics and amphetamines with are frequently used to decrease appetite, increase metabolism, promote weight loss or to purge unwanted calories after eat ing. Symptoms that occur with eating disorders vary a lot. You can experience obsessive thoughts about food and body weight can change eating patterns such as dieting, making excuses not to eat, avoidance of social situations involving food, going to the bathroom straight after meals, your mood can fluctuate from feeling depressed, irritable or anxious, daily activities are affected as you don’t want to go out socially, exercising excessively, spending a lot of time talking about appearance or weight or looking in the mirror and appearance such as wearing baggy clothes to disguise their weight, losing or gaining weight, greasy or dry hair and skin. As a result of these symptoms many individuals turn to alcoholism or substance abuse especially when they become stressed, depressed, have anxiety, low self esteem as it can elevate their mood and become more relaxed in their own skin. Especially people with eating disorders can rely heavily on alcohol as they have symptoms that alcohol reduces for that period of binging. It also can eliminate their feelings of worthlessness. It is also used as a hunger suppressant and to lose weight.The coping mechanisms of purging, bingeing, restricting, drinking is used as they have lost their connection with the original problem, in other words to forget about reality.Or alcohol can have the opposite effect on the individual about their lifestyle and it could result in suicide. Diagnosis of condition: there are two ways to find out the diagnosis of eating disorders and they are a physical evaluations and psychological evaluations. The physical evaluations can include recording their weight and height to get their body mass index, check their vital signs such as heart rate, blood pressure, pulse, temperature. You need to check their skin integrity to see whether there are any skin tears or is dry and flaky. Also need to do an abdomen examination, urinalysis, blood test to check their electrolytes; as theses will show us if the liver, kidney and thyroid functions are healthy or not. Psychological evaluations involves asking questions regarding their eating habits, behavior, purging, bingeing, exercise, self image, alcohol and substance abuse. These questions can be administered by your doctor or a mental health professional. After undergoing both physical and psychological evaluations the doctor will then see if you fit the criteria by reviewing all your sign s and symptoms and then a diagnostic is given. Management of the condition is to be referred to a nutritionist, undergo psychotherapy and be placed on medication to prevent hospitalization. The nutritionist will educate you and get you back to a healthy weight range; psychotherapist will help you exchange your unhealthy habits for healthy ones to ensure you have changed your eating habits and also educate them on the effects that the alcohol is having on their bodies. There is no medication that can cure eating disorders but can assist you with your sudden urges to binge or purge. They can also be given anti-depressants for depression and anxiety as this will most likely occur in eating disorders. Relaxation therapy is also extremely effective such as yoga, acupuncture, and massage and chamomile tea. They can also get counseling about their alcohol and drug addiction and slowly withdraw them off the substances. There are many companies and support groups out now that can help individuals with both drug and alcohol abuse. What is the prevalence of the condition in the Australian population? Eating disorders affect 9% of the Australian population, with up to 20% of females being not yet diagnosed. There has there been an increase in the prevalence in the past decade as it has doubled for both males and females. The reason for this change is that more teenagers are more susceptible to the pressures of social media and self image of being the perfect shape and size. It is becoming easier to access drugs and alcohol off the streets or have connections with individuals that are older and can buy it for them. Bullying in primary, secondary and tertiary schools and workplace related bullying. As a health professional, what could you do to participate in the ongoing education of people in society in relation to mental health and the disorder you have chosen? By going to local primary schools, high schools and tertiary schools to educate the students on the real risk factors of eating disorders drugs and alcohol have on their health and also talk about not falling to the social media pressures of being size 0 and trying to fit in. Place flyers up in local shops/companies/doctors clinic for people to read. Place adds in the news papers and online to spread the awareness of the affects that eating disorders and substance abuse can have on our selves, friends, families, co-workers and communities. How could you improve or maintain the flow of information between service providers and the community in relation to mental health? By running weekly forums on eating disorders and alcoholism to all ages, having various websites that the community can visit at any time, place ads on the TV about the impacts of eating disorders and advise everyone to get regular checkups at their local general practitioner. Dual diagnosis services are to support the development of responses of mental health and drug treatment services to individuals with both mental illness and substance use problems. They strive to develop the potential of hospital and community based alcohol and drug, and mental health treatment and support services to improve health outcomes of individuals with a dual diagnosis. Desiree Wyatt References Sane Australia. 2010.eating disorders. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.sane.org/information/factsheets-podcasts/179-eating-disorder. [Accessed 17 March 14]. The free dictionary. 2013.compulsive eating. [ONLINE] Available at:http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Compulsive+Eating. [Accessed 17 March 14]. Mayo clinic. 2013.eating disorders. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eating-disorders/basics/tests-diagnosis/con-20033575. [Accessed 17 March 14]. National eating disorders collaboration. 2013.eating disorders in Australia. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.nedc.com.au/eating-disorders-in-australia. [Accessed 17 March 14]. eastern heath great health and wellbeing. 2013.dual diagnosis. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.easternhealth.org.au/services/mentalhealth/adult/dualdiagnosis.aspx. [Accessed 17 March 14]. Integrated Treatment of Substance Abuse Mental Illness. 2014. dual diagnosis, eating disorders. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.dualdiagnosis.org/eating-disorders/. [Accessed 16 July 14].

Environmental Degradation Pollution

Environmental Degradation Pollution The global South has unquestionably been one of the regions that have experienced greater impact of environmental degradation. The former economic success in this area has resulted to environmental problem industrial waste pollution. As these countries get more involved in multilateral environmental agreement and voluntary agreement, the protection of the environment in the region has effectively become globalize in nature and has affected business and international trade. The introduction of the environmental management system standard is one of the prerequisite for business to enter into western market. This has been a greater challenge to this region due to their insufficient capital and the stern conditions attach to business. This paper looks at the impact of environmental degradation on global South in terms of how environment degradation affects human security, clean water, human health, social relation, and the freedom of choice and action. This research paper also provides r ecommendation that be adapted by the both developing and developed countries in controlling the adverse effects of the environment degradation. Introduction Since 1980s, the environmental matter as trade barriers between the North and the South countries has feature prominently in the world international forums Developing countries that struggles to improve their economies and attract more investors to enhance their economies is term as pollution haven. The word pollution haven as proposed by Zarsky (1997, 1999) is a claimed that the South have reduced and relaxed their environmental regulation to attract foreign investors. The southern countries which are endowed with lots of natural resources has long been staying under poverty and the only way to be out of this situation is opening up their economies and speed up industrialization development through the foreign investors. On the other hand, the North countries business feared that if the developing countries lower cost of operation through labour intensive and resources then they stand a chance to lose value or capture the market. The developed countries argued that they have more severe and effective regulations on environmental (Duchin et al., 1995, Xu, 2000) compare to the developing countres, but the World Trade Organization has pro tected the exported products from developing countries. The North claims that this is unfair business and they requested global environmental standard to form level playing field (Chudnovsky and Lopez 1999; Xu 2000). This claim however was seen as another form of trade barriers by the developing countres. The environmental problems such as climate change and ozone layer depletion is global issue rather than situated in a particular place. We see integration of the consequences of market and the failure of government in the change of global environmental. There is a lot divergence tendency due to disparate impacts across the locations in a manner of governance response. This disparate come from a greater vulnerability of developing countries and at the same time from the circumstantial factors. Even if the environmental impacts were equally distributed between the North and South countries, the developing countries could still suffer most in the virtue of the fact that they come from a lower economical base. The impacts of the environmental degradation the (IPCC (2001) observed are expected to be greater in south countries in terms of loss of life and relative effects on the investment and the economy in general. These disparate impacts are exacerbated by the disparities in the nature of the remedial actions. The willingness of the developed countries to the environmental improvement and for the goods and services whose production has resulted to environmental degradation, generally exceed that of the developing countries in terms of their ability to pay. Thus in the shadow of markets, the gain-cost analysis, that is, the benefits of producing the carbondioxide by driving automobiles in the North highways may outweigh the cost of drought in the South countries. This wealth-based theory is contrast to the call for equal entitlement to clean and safe environment (Boyce, 2002). In the real sense, efficiency is not the only criterion to social decisions that include the decisions to invest in the mitigation and adaptation to the global environmental degradation. The influence of politics also promotes actions on some importance matters and inaction on others. For example, the 1997 Montreal protocol on ozone depletion proposed a worldwide phase out of the use of chlofluorocarborns was rejected by America and Canada on the ground that the scientific evidence are uncertain and the treaty would impose heavy spending on the US economy. As the rate of the carbondioxide emitted to the environment continues to rise, the focus of the international has shifted from prevention to adaptation. This change increases probability of outcomes that varies across countries, showing differences in their ability to cater for measures required to adapt to climate degradation. The main issue in the international climate talks is the right of allocating the properties to the carbon absorptive capacity of the atmosphere. These relay both barrier and an opportunity to some countries. For instance the principles allocation stemmed from the historical emission levels which in the real sense been greatly contributed by the industrialized countries in the world in the North. This principle is not acceptable by the less developed countries that per capita emission is very little. Environmental degradation and Human Security The environmental degradation arise in the 29th century as the main issue of political controversy, its influence on the developing countries national security policy is however more recent. Environment degradation has been the focus in the developed countries especially United State but the idea of national security entered the public discourse reentry. The early research of the impact of environment degradation on human security is general and subjective in nature, it reveal the imaginable association between environmental change and the national or human security. However, the direction of association and the degree of linkage remains an issue of debate. There is also clear recommendation on how to translate this linkage into policy guidance on the environmental degradation. The environmental degradation is linked to their overall influence of the survival of human, well-being and productivity. Human being and social linkages has become the focus that is to be secured from the environment threat. The change in the environment can impose direct and immediate impact to the life humankind. For instance, the scarcity of water may not lead to conflict but still engender threats by causing the dehydration related disorders, reduction of the production of food, and disheartening the livelihood opportunities. The environmental degradation causes threat to human survival, well-being and dignity. The environmental degradation posses a variety of impacts that ranges from economic productivity to political wavering among others. The environmental degradation can also affects a diversity of issues ranging from families, communities, social organizations, various identity group, diasporas, government and biological species of various kinds. While some of the environme ntal threats are localized, others are extensive ands trans-scale in nature. Research shows that conflict can be driven by natural resource degradation and scarcity and by competing to be in charge of places where there are abundant resources. Some of the countries of concern are Afghanistan, Iraq, the great lake regions, Somalia among others. The connections between the environmental degradation and human security are vast and complex. The ecological impact of mass movement of refugees or warfare is an example mostly experienced in the developing countries. However, the environmental issues can be a major concerns for dialogue, non-military mechanisms for communication, and greater unified understanding. The research on the human security has mainly focus on the Southern world (poor countries) as the main victim and the scoundrel of the environmental threats. However, the attitudes of consumption of the North countries is main contributor to many human insecurity on the scarce and plenty resources in the Southern countries. The conflict over diamonds in Sierra Leone in 1990s, for example, was extensive because the markets for diamond in the developed countries were unaware to the origin of those diamonds. It is clear that the start of violent conflict has no hearty connection with the environmental threat. The environmental factors are rarely the single contributors of conflict, but ethnicity, ideology, and power politics are all directly linked. However, environmental degradation increases the magnitude and the period of conflict, that is, the attempts to develop strong empirical forecasts of conflict on the ground on the environmental threats have had a poor response of success because of the connection of social, economic and political factors that are involved. Environmental degradation and clean water Although most of the developing countries do not have enough industries to create considerable water pollution, smog and heavy concentrations of airborne particles are common incident in major cities of the less developed countries. There are few industries in the less developed countries as compared to the more developed countries and hence due to the small number of industries in the developing countries, they less often contribute to severe water problems. The more severe problems of water is cause by the trans-boundary pollution since the neighboring countries especially the developed countries, produces airborne pollution due to excess emission from their extensive industries. The northern and northwestern parts in Afghanistan for example received large amount of pollutants that come from the Aral sedimentary basin. Extensive industrializations in the developed countries here as we see pose detrimental impact to the less developed countries. It has been documented that the pesti cides originating from the developed countries finds their way to the neighboring developing countries through the air current or rainfall. The chemical weapons that were used for example during the war between the Afghanistan and the Soviets had caused a serious damage to the environment and the fragile ecosystem in general in the neighboring developing countries. The use of these chemicals weapons has polluted the soil in most of the area of the countries where this war occurred. It is worth noting that billions of people worldwide, the vast prevalence of who live in developing countries lack access to clean drinking water. Lack of providence to quality water has caused lots of forecaster of infant and child survival in various developing countries. Many incidences of parasitic and contagious disorders are carried in the organic water pollution, which are the by-products of the animals waste. The effects of pollution whether known or not are caused by usage of the pesticides. The organic pollutants used in the industry and in agricultural farms find there way into the human and the animals fatty tissue where they caused severe parasite related disorders in human and animals respectively. Export dependency has a negative influence on the quality of the domestic environment of the developing countries that include the quality of the drinking water in those countries. Thus, the association between the universal dependence and the water quality is interceded by several factors. The quality of water and health is very crucial and they are connected with other factors that are a function of international processes. Hebert, 1994 observed that virtually every physical quality of life including clean water mostly improved by the level of economic development of a country. The development of a country depends on its position in the world system. An important concept is how it organized its economy. The more lateral to the world economy the more likely the country is to depend on an agrarian economy. Environmental change can have a detrimental impact on peoples lives ands the changes may even transcend into the future to affects the lives of the cohort to come. Water as a resource here provides a good example of these various impacts and their multifaceted interaction. The research revealed that over 2 billions people resides in water stressed basins and are cross-country, multi- -subjects effects and multiple impacts. Environmental degradation and social relation The distribution of power related variables, like income, education, race and ethnicity are related to the environmental stresses. The societies, which comprise of people, illiterate people or come from the marginalized racial and social groups, will tend to have greater environmental threats than their friends whose residents are literate, wealthy, or belong to historical prevailing racial and ethnical groups. A research on this issue found that the inverse linked between the average incomes and the toxic harmful may occur from the market dynamics where the poor people are drawn to this location because of the properties of low values. A community with greater power dipatities has more environmental degradation. The disparity of power affects the strength and the duration of pollution and depletion of resources. This study were focused by the research suggesting that the environmental degradation related with income and that the developed countries have reached to an extend beyond which more income gains are linked with the improvement of the environments. The only way to attained conducive environment in most countries is by becoming rich (Beckerman, 1992). Torras and boyce (1998) investigate the impacts of social relation on the environmental quality. They analyzed the vitiations in air pollution in various countries, water pollution, and the percentage of the pollution in relation to access to clean water and sanitations facilities. Apart from the per capita income and the ration of income distribution, their research included adult literacy and political rights and the civil liberties concerning the distribution of power. In less developed countries, the coefficient on the rights and literacy variables revealed the expected signs in all system. The results found that higher literacy and the greater rights were linked conducive environmental quality. By controlling other variables, the calculate effects of income inequality were found to be incompatible. It was suggested that either rights or literacy incarcerate the most aspect of power disparities or the quality of the income distribution data is poor. The weaker results was however , found on the developed countries, indicating that literacy and rights are most significant especially when there are low average income. Other research has also shown that the political right can be vital factor to determine the outcomes of the environment. Scruggs (1998) observe greater rights of having a significant favorable effects on sulphure dioxide concentrations, weaker effects on particulates and adverse effects on the dissolve oxygen concentration. Further study concerning the impact of power disparities on the environmental quality which come from case study of the fifty United States by Boyce et al. (1999) shows that state with more equal distribution of power had well-built environmental policies which result to conducive environment. Rapid environment degradation has exerted lot of pressure on the economic sustainability of the less developed countries. This has resulted to the failure of these countries achieving their sustainable development as targeted. In Pakistan, for example about sixteen percent of the land mass is subject to salinisation from excessive water with the same problems as this occurring in most parts of Asia and African countries. Mismanagement of irrigation alone in Pakistan cost over $200 millions in a year in reduced yields. In India, pumping of groundwater has enabled intensification of agricultural products; however, there is a big dropped of water tables from approximately 10 metres to about 15 metres below the earth surface in the year 1970 to between 400 and 450 metres by 1990. Many areas in developing countries have wells and boreholes that have been left and the entire communities moved to other better areas (Roy Shah, 2002). Lack of environmental and pollution control has resulted to reduction in farming and disorders, which cause the decline in the economic growth in most regions of the developing countries. This is due to overspending of their little savings in the treatment of the patients suffering from pollution related diseases or purchase and imports of foods to filled the gap or feed the population. Such environmental degradation can have impacts on the social attitudes and may result to unrest by the affected communities. In 1990s, for example South Korea experienced over seventy anti-pollution unrest. China on the other hand has faced local protests due to rapid increase in pollution. Developing countries has experienced a reduction of natural resources over the past years because of liquidated consumption. The research reveals that if the gains from the natural resources are put in physical capital and human capital to promote growth, then there will be a continued progress to enhance the wellbeing. It is important to save the profits that are derived from a boom of natural resource such as rapid increase in oil price. If this is wisely saved then it might be a better opportunities in the future to invest such profits efficiently to physical or human capital hence reducing more pressure on the resource base. Environmental degradation and health risk Majority of the people in developing country are poor and are directly exposed to severe environmental health threat and hazards from polluted air, water and animal-transmitted disorders such as bird flu, anthrax and the rest. There have been many concerns over the environmental improvement for the last decades with about eighty percent of people from developing countries are now able to access clean drinking water. However, the access to sanitation by these poor people has remained lower at an approximate of forty four percent. this may be a reason as per to why water pollutions remained the key problems. According World Bank (2005) most rivers in the developing countries are fifty percent lower than the WHO standard requirement. The environmentally related diseases in developing countries are now much greater than that from malnutrition. The research as founded that most of the women and children suffered greatly from the indoor air pollution resulting to millions premature deaths every year across the less developed countries. Children and illiterate women in poor households in the developing countries suffer 4 times as much from the indoor air pollution compare to men in the higher households (Das Gupta et al. 2004). The health of human as well as that of animals is increasingly related in the developing countries when people meet animals especially when they moved out to wildlife site or into areas with intensive farming. Here wildlife acts as a mass where the pathogens come from as with avian bird flu and possible SARS and HIV/AIDS. The high rate of environmental degradation has posed the developing countries to high vulnerable risks and this will rise with rapid change in climate. The developing countries has over the past years experience range of climatic changes. Livelihoods and the social networks have adapted ways to cope with the severe natural disasters. Management and control of floods has been essential in the fishing and farming practices by poor residents of the developing countries. Despite these efforts, the natural disasters have become more frequent and severe leading causing loses of life, conflict and the destructions of properties. Environmental degradation is considered as the main cause of high rate of poverty in the less developed countries. They suffered most as they struggle adapt with this severe natural disasters. For instance, the slums residents occupied land, which is highly vulnerable to environmental hazards such as pollutions, landslides, and flood. Such areas are further aggravated by the damage to the protection assets like coastal mangrove, coral reefs and riverine wetlands which in results to high exposure to floods as seen in some countries such as Bangladesh, Siere Leon and the rest. North countries like United State, Canada, or South countries such as China and India are the some of the emitters of greenhouse gases. A part from just emitting of these gases, these countries just as the rest of other countries in the world will experience some of the greatest impacts of climate change. Already countries such as Asia face about ninety percent of the environment degradation related risks in the world and more than a half a million people died every year. Development aid investment in the developing countries has been seen vulnerable to environmental degradation. It is predicted that two degrees rise in temperature is expected in the futures and this will reduce incomes from farming by twenty five percent. The study recommends urgent need be carried out to check the rate of energy pollution from both domestic and industries and proper investment that adapt to land use, infrastructure and other structures to environmental degradation. The world economy environmental impact in the developing countries is exacerbated with its impact felt beyond the core centers of development. For instance, China is now one of the leading cement consumption countries with an increased importation of timber. This has resulted to an increased in revenues collection in the exporting countries but at the same time increasing the rate of natural depletion. Such depletion makes those areas vulnerable to environmental disasters such as high rate of pollution, landslide and climate change. Environmental degradation and Human freedom of choice and action Environmental degradation has several impacts on the way people reason and act. The most affected group are the residents from the less developed countries. Its is believed that the developed countries are the key contributors of the environmental degradation. Owing to their rich environment and level of technology, they are able to minimize the magnitude of adverse effects that result from environment degradation. The impacts of human activities on environment have rise in the past few decades. While most of these changes can be considered as beneficial to humankind, there much increase of the adverse effects. Analysis of these effects their consequences to people have not been possible because of many factors that also contributed to the change in the ecosystem. Some people particularly who are perplexed by these relative wealth, the problems is scarcely noticeable. Yet millions of other people especially from the less developed countries experience great detrimental disasters of t he environmental degradation. The environmental degradation such as pollution is now not necessary measures that can be used to gauged the linked between the human and the environment. The dependent of a person on an environment services focus directly the profound processes that underlie the origin of the earth. The environment is an essential component that extensively provides life and support to all organisms. The effects of the environmental degradation to humankind can be either direct or indirect. The direct effects through some biological or ecological ways. For example, the impairment of the water cleansing capacity of wetlands may have detrimental impacts to those who drink that water. On the other hand building of dams may increase the breeding of mosquitoes that eventuality may led to malaria related disorders. Indirect effects on the other hand create problems on humankind in a more complex causation, which includes, social, economic, and the political routes. At these situations, people normally take response in making decision, which actually could lead to a better way of adapting to these detrimental disasters. For instance, when land under cultivation become saline, the crop production are reduced and hence this might lead to malnutrition in human, retardation of the child growth, and vulnerability to infectious disorders. When this detrimental climate change exacerbate beyond the threshold power and ability, political tension might arise leading to stagnating or reduction of the country economy. This dynamic interaction can severely jeopardize the various features of humankind. The impacts of the environmental degradation vary from one place to another. The effects is much greatly felt by the developing countries, that is, literate, poorly resourced and disadvantaged societies are particularly the most vulnerable to these global climate change. Most of the less developed countries heavily relied on the integrity and functions of local ecosystems and may lack means to the services of the ecosystems. Insolvency due to the impacts of the environmental degradation might at a time cause a downward spiral for such group of people. In general, the availability of ecosystem tends to reduce human ability to achieved well being status. It is worth noting that the linkages of environment conditions and the flow of services to the social being or people are quite varied and multifaceted. Most of the environmental degradation is pre-arranged but many are unintentional consequences of the human activities. The intervention of human in nature has experienced surprised consequences, where some have harmed and exacerbated the disadvantaged one. Equitable and sustainable of the society depends on the association with the environments and abilities of a person to make sound decision and act immediately where possible to avert the problems from occurring. The four important categories of ecosystem that are helpful to human are provision, regulating, cultural and supporting services. The provision functions of the environment provide goods and services that sustain different aspects of human. However, the reduction in food, fiber and other essentials products has severe impacts in the life of humankind. The regulating functio ns affects human life in various ways, this include the environment purification of air, fresh water availability, reduced floods or drought, stability of the local and regional climate among others. On culture, the environment provides human with totemic species, trees, scenic landscape, geological functions, rivers or lakes. These affect the human recreational, educational and spiritual aspects. Reference: Brown, Lester. Redefining Security, Worldwatch Paper, Vol. 14, Worldwatch Institute: Washington, 1977. Clark, William C. and Munn, R.E. (Eds). Sustainable development of the biosphere. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986. Deudney, Daniel. The case against linking environmental degradation and national security. Millennium, 1990. Pearce, F. (1994). Siberia at the crossroads. Popular science, 245 (2), 36 pp ADB. Asian environment outlook, Manila: Asian Development Bank, 2005. Homer-Dixon, T.F. Environment, scarcity, and violence. Princeton Univ. Press: Princeton, 1999. Satterthwaite, D. and Steele, P. (eds). Reducing Poverty and Sustainin the Environment, The Politics of Local Engagement, London: Earthscan, 2005. Wheeler, D. Who suffer from Indoor Air Pollution? Evidence from Bangladesh, World Bank Policy Research working paper 3428, 2004. DFID. Climate change and Poverty: Making Development Resilient to Climate change, London: DFID, 2004. FAO. Towards a Food-secure Asia and Pacific: Regional Strategic Framework, Bangkok: FAO Asia Pacific Regional Office, 2004. Pearce, D. Investing in Environmental, wealth for Poverty Reduction. New York: UNDP, 2005. Jodha, N.S. Rural Common Property Resources: Contributions and Crisis, Economic and Political Weekly, 1990. Mayers, J. and Vermeulen, S. Company-community Forestry Partnerships: From Raw Deal to Mutual Gains? London: IIED, 2001. World Bank. Environment Strategy for the World Bank in the East Asia and Pacific Region, 2005a. UNEP. An Overview of Our Changing Environment, GEO Year Book 2004/5, Nairobi, 2004, World Bank. Little Green Data Book 2005. Washington: The World Bank, 2005b. Zhen Liu. China: the Loess Plateau Watershed Rehabilitation Project, paper for the World Bank, Shanghai Conference on Poverty Reduction, 2004.

Comparing Beowulf and Gilgamesh :: comparison compare contrast essays

A Comparison of Beowulf and Gilgamesh       There are many differences and critical comparisons that can be drawn between the epics of Beowulf and Gilgamesh.   Both are historical poems which shape their respected culture and both have major social, cultural, and political impacts on the development of western civilization literature and writing.   Before any analysis is made, it is vital that some kind of a foundation be established so that a further, in-depth   exploration of the complex nature of both narratives can be accomplished.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The epic of Gilgamesh is an important Middle Eastern literary work, written in cuneiform on 12 clay tablets about 2000 BC. This heroic poem is named for its hero, Gilgamesh, a tyrannical Babylonian king who ruled the city of Uruk, known in the Bible as Erech (now Warka, Iraq). According to the myth, the gods respond to the prayers of the oppressed citizenry of Uruk and send a wild, brutish man, Enkidu, to challenge Gilgamesh to a wrestling match. When the contest ends with neither as a clear victor, Gilgamesh and Enkidu become close friends. They journey together and share many adventures. Accounts of their heroism and bravery in slaying dangerous beasts spread to many lands.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When the two travelers return to Uruk, Ishtar (guardian deity of the city) proclaims her love for the heroic Gilgamesh. When he rejects her, she sends the Bull of Heaven to destroy the city. Gilgamesh and Enkidu kill the bull, and, as punishment for his participation, the gods doom Enkidu to die. After Enkidu's death, Gilgamesh seeks out the wise man Utnapishtim to learn the secret of immortality. The sage recounts to Gilgamesh a story of a great flood (the details of which are so remarkably similar to later biblical accounts of the flood that scholars have taken great interest in this story). After much hesitation, Utnapishtim reveals to Gilgamesh that a plant bestowing eternal youth is in the sea. Gilgamesh dives into the water and finds the plant but later loses it to a serpent and, disconsolate, returns to Uruk to end his days.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This saga was widely studied and translated in ancient times. Biblical writers appear to have modeled their account of the friendship of David and

Splice: The Movie Essay -- Film Review GMOs

Genetically modified organisms (GMO) are the central subject of the movie Splice. A couple of brilliant but rebellious scientists combine genes from different plant and animal species to create a new life form. While this is a fictional film, GMOs are very real. The use of GMOs is currently under serious scrutiny and debate. Our foods and some animals are already being genetically modified, are humans the next step? Splice performs this ultimate experiment, and then suffers the ethical challenges and consequences the decision triggers. By making one catastrophic moral choice the scientists compromise themselves both morally and ethically, paving the way for further moral degradation. Does one bad ethical choice make it easier for the next one? According to Splice, the answer is most definitely. The main ethical dilemma presented in the film is the use of genetic modification technology in humans. The scientists initially approach this dilemma by thinking like classic teleologians. â€Å"By incorporating human DNA into the hybrid template, we can begin to address any number of genetically influenced diseases†¦Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, diabetes, even some forms of cancer†. (Splice, 2009) They are producing a greater good by choosing this ethical path. This is the core motive for the current use of GMOs. According to the Human Genome Project (U.S. Department of Energy Genome Programs, 2008), GMOs have a variety of applications; To increase the yield of crops and animal products, to make plants and animals more resistant to certain disease, and more efficiently processed are but a few. The end product of these applications is, in theory, to benefit humanity. If we are already genetically modifying plants and animals, is a... ... endure the consequences of their actions. This film could be taken as a worst case scenario of human gene modification. As the technology continues to evolve, we can only hope that the leading scientists have a higher ethical standard than those portrayed in the movie Splice. References Hoban, S. (Producer), & Natalie, V. (Director & Writer). (2009). Splice [Motion picture]. France: Warner Bros. Pictures. Lemaux, P.G. (2006). Introduction to genetic modification. Agricultural Biotechnology in California Series, 8178. Retrieved from http://ucanr.org/freepubs/docs/8178.pdf Purtillo, R. (2005). Ethical dimensions in the health professions. Philadelphia, Elsevier Saunders. U.S. Department of Energy Genome Projects. (2008). Genetically modified foods and organisms. Retrieved from http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/gmfood.shtml Splice: The Movie Essay -- Film Review GMOs Genetically modified organisms (GMO) are the central subject of the movie Splice. A couple of brilliant but rebellious scientists combine genes from different plant and animal species to create a new life form. While this is a fictional film, GMOs are very real. The use of GMOs is currently under serious scrutiny and debate. Our foods and some animals are already being genetically modified, are humans the next step? Splice performs this ultimate experiment, and then suffers the ethical challenges and consequences the decision triggers. By making one catastrophic moral choice the scientists compromise themselves both morally and ethically, paving the way for further moral degradation. Does one bad ethical choice make it easier for the next one? According to Splice, the answer is most definitely. The main ethical dilemma presented in the film is the use of genetic modification technology in humans. The scientists initially approach this dilemma by thinking like classic teleologians. â€Å"By incorporating human DNA into the hybrid template, we can begin to address any number of genetically influenced diseases†¦Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, diabetes, even some forms of cancer†. (Splice, 2009) They are producing a greater good by choosing this ethical path. This is the core motive for the current use of GMOs. According to the Human Genome Project (U.S. Department of Energy Genome Programs, 2008), GMOs have a variety of applications; To increase the yield of crops and animal products, to make plants and animals more resistant to certain disease, and more efficiently processed are but a few. The end product of these applications is, in theory, to benefit humanity. If we are already genetically modifying plants and animals, is a... ... endure the consequences of their actions. This film could be taken as a worst case scenario of human gene modification. As the technology continues to evolve, we can only hope that the leading scientists have a higher ethical standard than those portrayed in the movie Splice. References Hoban, S. (Producer), & Natalie, V. (Director & Writer). (2009). Splice [Motion picture]. France: Warner Bros. Pictures. Lemaux, P.G. (2006). Introduction to genetic modification. Agricultural Biotechnology in California Series, 8178. Retrieved from http://ucanr.org/freepubs/docs/8178.pdf Purtillo, R. (2005). Ethical dimensions in the health professions. Philadelphia, Elsevier Saunders. U.S. Department of Energy Genome Projects. (2008). Genetically modified foods and organisms. Retrieved from http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/gmfood.shtml

Kurt Cobain Essay -- essays research papers

Kurt Cobain Kurt Donald Cobain was born on February 20,1967 in the town of Aberdeen, Washington. Aberdeen is on the west coast and is about 108 miles southwest of Seattle. Aberdeen is a dreary place with about seven feet of rain a year. Kurt was born to Mrs. Wendy Cobain and to Mr. Donald Cobain. Wendy was a homemaker. She had a very tight bond with Kurt. He was her first born. She had another child three years after she had Kurt. Her name was Kim. Donald was a mechanic. He was very into sports. He often tried to push Kurt into sports but Kurt just didn't like them. Even though the Cobain's didn't have much they seemed to do all right. Wendy dressed her children in the best clothes she could afford. They always looked like the best dressed kids in Aberdeen. Kurt was an extremely happy child. He would wake up everyday so happy. He was always filled with joy and always had a smile on his face. Kurt once said his upbringing could be decribed as "white trash posing as middle class". His mother told him to stay away from the poor kids. She said they were dirty. So Kurt did and he also would beat the up. Then in 4th grade he realized he liked them better. Around that time people started to notice that Kurt was very good in art. Most of Kurt's friends didn't really like things like art and music. He loved these things so much he stopped making friends because he was different. Kurt was not such a health kid. His whole life he suffered chronic bronchitis. At age of seven he was diagnosed hyperactive. He was put on Ritalin. This seemed to make him stay up until four in the morning. They soon put him on sedatives. This did not work either. They made him fall asleep in school. Doctors told Wendy to try subtracting sugar and Red Dye #2 from his food. This was the right prescription for Kurt. Sometime during the 8th grade Kurt was diagnosed with scloiosis. In his later years the weight of his guitar made it worse. Suicide also ran in his family. In 1979 a great uncle committed suicide and in 1984 an uncle also committed suicide. Kurt was in love with music since the age of two. He was brought up in a musical family. One of Wendy's uncle had some records out in the 40's and 50's. Her brother was in a Rock and Roll Band. Her sister was in a country band and played the guitar. Almost everyone had some sort of musical talent. Kurt had always wanted to be a ... ... Kurt wakes twenty hours later and denies it was an attempt. At this time Nirvana decides to cancel the rest of the tour and take a rest. Through all of the tours their are rumors that tensions are high between the group members. The press says there is constant fighting. There is even a rumor that the group is going to break up. To add to the cancellation of their tour they also cancel all their involvement in Lollapalooza. Then on March 18,1994 a startling thing happens. Kurt locks himself in a room of his house. He will not come out and he has a 38 caliber revolver with him. He threaten to kill himself. Courtney Love once again calls the police. The police come and take control of the situation. They take the gun away. Some time around March 30,1994 Courtney calls for an intervention to get Kurt off of drugs. She realizes he really does need help. On March 31,1994 Kurt checks in to the Exodus Recovery Center. It seems as though Kurt wants help. This doesn't last long. The day after he checks in he jumps a wall and it is the last anyone sees of him. He is missing On April 8th an electrician finds Kurt dead in home, from an apparent self- -inflicted gun shot wound to the head.

Communication Structure of Standard Chartered Bank

A report submitted to the Department of English in part-fulfillment of the requirements of the Final Examinations in Business Communications, Fall 2008 Prepared and submitted by SUNSHINE Section: c Tazrin Mst. Nazia Zohora Fatema tuz Islam Md. Atikul Miah Abu Kausar Course teacher Professor Faizur Rashed Gullu Date of submission 4 December 2008 North Global University of Dhaka Page 1 of 25 4 December 2008 Prof.Faizur Rashed Gullu Course Instructor Business Communication North Global University of Dhaka Subject: Submission of our report Dear sir, We have the pleasure to submit our report titled ‘Communication Structure of Standard Chartered Bank’. This was a good opportunity for us to understand and deal with the problem. The study was aimed at knowing the communication structure of Standard Chartered Bank. If any lacking is found, the organization will be able to improve performance. The study will find a chance to know the system of the organization and its communicatio n system which will increase our knowledge and experience.They have very effective communication system. By removing the communication barriers between higher level managers and lower level managers they can do it better. We once again thank you for giving us the chance to do the report. Yours sincerely, Zohora Fatema tuz 08-10489-1 Tazrin Mst. Nazia 07-08937-2 Islam Md. Atikul 07-09137-2 Miah Abu Kausar 07-08446-2 Page 2 of 25 Preface This report is made based on the communication structure of Standard Chartered Bank. Based on case study of some employees of Standard Chartered Bank, the report was made.This report contains the communication structure of Standard Chartered Bank. It also has some suggestions for the Standard Chartered Bank to make their communication process more effective and to make their organization’s performance better. This report has some concept of communication, the process of communication, communication channel, mass communication, communication bar riers, altogether, the concept of organizational communication. And the implications of them in The Standard Chartered Bank that if they are using them properly and what should be done if they are not using them properlyPage 3 of 25 Acknowledgement At first, we take the opportunity to thank The Almighty. Then we express our thanks to our department and authorities for granting us such opportunity in this level. We are very pleased to accomplish the assigned task given by our revered course instructor Prof. Faizur Rashed Gullu sir. While completing this report we faced different problems such as shortage of time, information, convincing the employees of the bank etc. But we have been able to overcome the problems with direct and indirect assistance from our course instructor. We are really thankful to him.Above all, we have to thank the people at the bank who provided us with valuable information, gave us their valuable time and helped us in every way possible. Finally, we are please d to complete the report on the given subject properly and authentically. Page 4 of 25 TABLE OF CONTENTS Forwarding letter Preface Acknowledgement Table of contents List of illustrations Abstract 1. 0 Introduction 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 1. 5 1. 6 1. 7 1. 8 What is communication The process of communication Necessity of communication Barriers of communication Introduction of the organization Objectives Scope Research methodology 1. . 1 Sample 1. 8. 2 Case study 1. 9 Limitations Page no. i ii iii iv v vi 01 01 02 08 08 09 10 11 11 12 13 13 14 14 14 15 16 17 18 19 vii 2. 0 Organization of the report 2. 1 Case studies Case study 1 Case study 2 Case study 3 Findings 2. 2 3. 0 Conclusion 4. 0 Recommendation Bibliography Page 5 of 25 List of illustrations Figure 1. 1 The basic communication process Figure 1. 2 Flow of communications Page-4 Page-6 Page 6 of 25 Abstract The transference and understanding of meaning is communication. No groups can exist without communication: the transference of meaning among its members.It is only through transmitting meaning from one person to another that information that information and ideas can be conveyed. The key parts of the communication process are (1) the sender (2) encoding (3) the channel (4) decoding (5) the receiver (6) feedback. There are three types of communication: upward, downward, lateral. The study was aimed to know the communication structure of Standard Chartered Bank. If any lacking is found, the organization will be able to improve performance. The study will find a chance to know the system of the organization and its communication system which will increase our knowledge and experience.The study has been done with the method case study. The study was done with the help of random sampling. The sample size of the study was 3. Their communication style is very rich. They have very effective communication system. By removing the communication barriers between higher level managers and lower level managers they can do it better. They should enrich their formal communication system. We think that after doing these things they will be improved. Page 7 of 25 1. 0 Chapter 1 : Introduction 1. 1 What is communication? The transference and understanding of meaning is communication. Communication is more than merely imparting meaning.It must also be understood. In a group in which one member speaks only German and another one do not know German, the individual speaking German will not be fully understood. Therefore must include both the transference and understanding of meaning. Research indicates that poor communication is probably the most frequently cited source of interpersonal conflict. Because individuals spend nearly 70 percent of their walking hour’s communicating-writing, reading, speaking, listening-it seems reasonable to conclude that one of the most inhibiting forces to successful group performance is a lack of effective communication.No groups can exist without communication: the t ransference of meaning among its members. It is only through transmitting meaning from one person to another that information that information and ideas can be conveyed. Communication, however, is more than merely imparting meaning. It must also be understood. In a group in which one member speaks only German and the others do not know German, the individual speaking German will not be fully understood. Therefore, communication must include both the transference and the understanding of meaning.An idea, no matter how great, is useless until it is transmitted and understood by others. Perfect communication, if there were such a thing, would exist when a thought or an idea was transmitted so that the mental picture perceived by the receiver was exactly the same as that envisioned by the sender. Page 8 of 25 Communication serves four major functions within a group or organization: control, motivation, emotional expression, and information. 1. Control member behavior. 2. Foster motivati on for what is to be done. 3. Provide a release for emotional expression. 4. Provide information needed to make decisions. . 2 The process of communication Before making too many generalizations concerning communication and problems in communicating effectively, it is needed to know the level of communication and communication process 1. 2. 1 Levels of Communication: †¢ Intrapersonal Top level management mainly takes internal decision, so internal decision depends on them on many sectors †¢ Interpersonal Middle level managers are sometimes allowed to make some effective organizational decision †¢ Extra personal Communication between human & nonhuman being †¢ Organizational In organization higher level employees take decision.In this bank most of the decisions are taken by top level management †¢ Formal Language Those languages which are used inside office. In this bank they usually use to talk one another they simply use brother or sister. †¢ Cross-cult ural In a cross-culture there are two divisions high and low context Page 9 of 25 †¢ Mass: Print Media Electronics Media Organizational Website Before communication can take place, a purpose, expressed as a message to be conveyed, is needed. It passes between a sender and a receiver. The message is encoded and passed by a way of some medium to the receiver, who decodes the message initiated by the sender.The result is transference of meaning from one person to another person. The key parts of the communication process are (1) the sender (2) encoding (3) the channel (4) decoding (5) the receiver (6) feedback. The sender initiates a message by encoding a thought. The message is the actual physical product from the senders encoding. When we speak, the speech is the message. When we write, the writing is the message. When we gesture the movement of our arms and the expression of our face are the message. The channel is the medium through which the message travels.It is selected by the sender, who must determine whether to use a formal or informal channel. Formal channel are established by the organization and transmit message that are related to the professional activities of members. Other forms of message, such as personal or social, follow the informal channel in the organization. These informal channels are spontaneous and emerge as a response to individual choices. The receiver is the object to whom the message is directed. But before the message is received, the symbol in it must be translated into a form that can be understood by the receiver.The step is the decoding of the message. Noises represent communication barriers that distort the clarity of the message. Examples of possible noise sources include perceptual problems, information overload, semantic difficulties, or cultural difference. The final link in the communication process is a feedback loop. Feedback is the check on how successful we have been in transferring our message as original inten ded. It determines whether understanding has been achieved. Page 10 of 25 The communication process model: Figure 1. 1 The basic communication process Communication can flow vertically or laterally.The vertical dimension can be further divided into downward and upward directions. 1. 2. 2 Downward communication Upper level managers are friendly communal to the down level employees. Top level management directly gives any kinds of instruction to the down level manager are called downward communication. Smoothly working down level communication must have needed. Communication that flows from one level of a group or organization to a lower level is a downward communication. When we think of managers communicating with employees, the downward pattern is the one we are usually thinking of.It’s used by group leader and managers to assign goals, providing job instructions, inform employees of policies and procedures, point out problems that need attention and offer feedback about per formance. But downward communication does not have to be oral or face to face contact. When management sends letter to their employees home to advise them of the organizations new sick leave policy, it’s using downward communication. Page 11 of 25 From the team leader to the member of her team, reminding them of an upcoming deadline, is also downward communication 1. 2. 3 Upward communicationGround level officers communicate with the mid-level managers. Mid-level manager communicate with their Divisional Directors. Employees can frankly communicate with upper level managers. When communicated with the Upper level all over observing the rules & regulation. Upward communication flows to a higher level in the group of organization. It’s used to provide feedback to higher–ups, inform them of progress toward goal and really current problems. Upward communication keeps managers aware of how employees feel about their jobs, coworkers and the organization in general.Man agers also rely on upward communication for ideas on how things can be improved. Some organizational examples of upward communication are performance reports prepared by lower level of management for review by middle and top management. Suggestion box, employee attitude surveys, superior – subordinate discussion, and informal ‘gripe’ sessions in which employees have the opportunity to identify and discuss problems with their boss or representative of higher management. 1. 2. 3 Lateral communication Similar level employers also well communicated. Employees freely communicate with colleague’s very casual language, normal behavior.Grapevine is strictly prohibited Political conversation is restricted When communication take place among member of the same work group, among members of work groups at the same level, among managers at the same level or among any horizontally equivalent personal we describe it as lateral communication. Page 12 of 25 Lateral communi cations are often necessary to save time and facilitate coordination. In some case, these lateral relationships are formally sanctioned. More often they are informally created to a short circuit the vertical hierarchy and expedite action.So lateral communication can from management’s view point, be good or bad. Lateral communication can be beneficial, in such case they occur with the knowledge and support of superiors. 1. 2. 4 Crosswise communication Top level management can communicate directly with the ground level. Monthly performance review meeting. Everybody can communicate with everybody in this organization Figure 1. 2 Flow of communications Communication Channel Communication channel means the way of transmitted any kinds of information about this organization. Page 13 of 25 There are two types of communications: a. b.Internal communication channel External communication channel. †¢ Internal communications are: (a) Oral: Telephone, Intercom, Meeting, Presentation , Face to face, meeting (b) Written: Memo, report, graph, e-mail, letter, notice †¢ External Communications are: (a) Oral: Telephone, intercom, Meeting, Presentation, Face to face meeting, Press Briefing (b) Written: Memo, report, graph, e-mail, letter, notice, invitation, annual report, leaflet 1. 3 Necessity of communication The communication shortcoming of employees and the importance of communication in business explain why one should work to improve communication skills.Whatever position one has in business, performance will be judged largely by his/her ability to communicate. If one can communicate well, he/she is likely to be rewarded with advancement. And higher the advancement, more necessity of communication ability. The evidence is clear; improving communication skills improves chances for success in business. Communication is very much important in business; businesses want and need people with good communication skills. Evidence of the importance of communication i n business is found in numerous surveys of executives, recruiters and academicians conducted in recent years.Without exception, these surveys found communication ranking at or near the top of the business skills needed for success. Page 14 of 25 1. 4 Barriers of communication A number of barriers can retard or distort effective communication. Some causes for barriers are, purposely manipulating information for getting more favor, presenting the information based on personal understandings etc. Barriers are 3 types: 1. Intrapersonal 2. Interpersonal 3. Organizational 1. Intrapersonal barriers: Wrong assumptions Varied perceptions Differing background 2. Interpersonal arriers: Limited vocabulary Incongruity of verbal and nonverbal messages Communication selectivity 3. Organizational barriers: Information overload Emotions Language 1. 5 Introduction of the organization Standard Chartered Bank started its business in Bangladesh in 1948, opening its first branch in the port city of Chitt agong. The bank increasingly invested in people, technology and premises as its business grew in relation to the country’s thriving Page 15 of 25 economy. At present the bank has 6 offices in Dhaka Chittagong and Sylhet, including the country’s only offshore banking unit inside the Dhaka Export Processing Zone at Savar.Extensive knowledge of the market and essential expertise in a wide range of financial services underline our strength to build business opportunities for corporate and institutional clients at home and abroad. Continuous upgrading of technology and control systems has enabled the bank of offer new services, which include unique ATMs and Phone banking. Standard Chartered’s services in Bangladesh, ranges from Personal & Corporate Banking to Institutional Banking, Treasury and Custodial services. 1. 6 Objectives The study was aimed at the following objectives: A.Primary objective: To learn about the communication structure of Standard Chartered Bank B. Secondary objectives: To identify the communication strategies of Standard Chartered Bank To find out the internal communication barriers (if any) of Standard Chartered Bank To find out their awareness level of the barriers To suggest remedies for improvement To find out the mass communication style or strategies To found out the impact of gender differences inside the organization To find out the impact of cultural differences inside the organization 1. Scope After making the report some benefits will be there for both the organization and us. Page 16 of 25 17. 1 Scope for Standard Chartered Bank: If any lacking is found in their organization the management will find a way to solve their problem after studying our report. They will be able to make their organization’s system of communication more effective and the organization will be able to improve performance. 17. 2 Scope for the researchers: The study will find a chance to know the system of the organization and its communication system very well which will increase our knowledge and experience.Thus it will help building our career. 1. 8 Research methodology of the report Report is a place of factual writing based on evidence, containing organized information on particular topic o Formal in nature and written for specific audience o Discusses the topic at depth and contains conclusions and recommendations if required The study has been done with the method case study. Rather than using samples and following a rigid protocol to examine limited number of variables, case study methods involve an in-depth, longitudinal examination of a single instance or event: a case.They provide a systematic way of looking at events, collecting data, analyzing information, and reporting the results. As a result the researcher may gain a sharpened understanding of why the instance happened as it did, and what might become important to look at more extensively in future research. Case studies lend themselves to bot h generating and testing hypotheses. As we did not have sufficient time to go for questionnaire survey, we followed the method case study. Page 17 of 25 1. 8. Sample Small segment of the total population which is considered to be the representative of the total population is called the samples and the process through which the samples are selected is called sampling or sampling procedure. There are two types of sampling: 1. Random: To take the interview of the person available 2. Purposive: To take interview of people whom one wants to The study was done with the help of random sampling as because purposive sampling was not possible due to unavailability. The sample size of the study was 3. 1. 8. 2 Case study We took face to face interviews.We went to Standard Chartered Bank Islamic Banking Centre Branch which is situated in Gulshan Avenue. We talked to the three people of personal loan section individually. We asked them the same questions and got answers. After getting their answe rs we organized the three cases and studied the cases to reach the decision. 1. 9 Limitations The study was done in a very short time when we and the employees of The Standard Chartered Bank both were very busy. They at first denied talking to us but after assuring that minimum time of them will be taken they agreed to meet.So, we were unable to ask them many questions which might be important for the valuation and proper conclusion of the report. Page 18 of 25 2. 0 Chapter 2 : Presentation of Cases We did three case studies based on the three interviews of the employees of Standard Chartered Bank. The cases are given below: Case study 1 Md. Sajjadur Rahman Product marketing officer B. Sc. & M . Sc. in Mathematics Unsecured loan consumer Banking Division He works in standard charted bank for two years before coming here he worked as a marketing officer in HSBC bank for two years.In this study they said their all communications is face to face. They contact with their higher level bo ss with e-mail and they also said they contact their immediate boss face to face. When they send any e-mail to their boss it just like a SMS there are no unnecessary thighs there. But when they send any e-mail to their boss its takes time to get the reply . In this study they also said they call their male employees as brother and female employees as sister. There is no sir or madam addressing through the whole organization.In this study we also see that they follow the communication channels are up ward, down ward and lateral. Most of time they use the verbal communication to their employees and it is face to face. He also said there is no non verbal communication use their company. But sometime they use only e-mail for their boss in urgent situation. Some time they go for tour in different countries but every one does not get chance. The person who fill a minimum credits only they can join the tour. In 2006 he tour in Thailand. He is satisfied of there communication style. Page 19 of 25Case study 2 A. M. Sadeeque Hassan Product Marketing Officer BBA, MBA Major in Marketing Unsecured loan consumer Banking Division In this study they said there are very little bit barrier to their company for example they do not call their boss with unsuitable time. Higher level boss reply their e-mail very late. In this study we also known female are more active than male. Even female work on Friday when male are relax there time by visiting or gossiping. In last month one female are getting award by doing her best performance. She process 454 file in one month.It is a friendly work environment as a result it plays a significant role in communication process. There are also some internal communications to employ to employ like face to face, telephone, mobile. He was also fill the credits as a result he could join the tour of Thailand in 2006 . He is also satisfied of there communication style. Case study 3 Md. Fayssal Hossain Assistant Product Marketing officer Honors Masters in Marketing Unsecured loan consumer Banking Division In this study they said that they can talk to their higher level authority direct face to face or phone. There are also down ward, upper ward and horizontal communication.In standard charted bank all work has been done by group work and every group join as a team. There are a leader of each team and all the group follow the leader. Page 20 of 25 Some time they arrange picnic or party and the entire members attend the party or picnic. It helps to communicate with other and remove the communication barriers with upper level and lower level employees. In this time boss are free with their employees. That recreation system is effective for better employee employer relationship He was also filling the credits as a result he could join the tour of last year in china with there official tour.He is also satisfied with there Communication style. Page 21 of 25 3. 0 Chapter 3: Analysis After studying the cases we came to know about the org anization’s communication structure. Their communication style is very rich. They have very effective communication system. All of them agreed with their answers. That symbolizes their unity and effectiveness of communication. They all agreed that their organization follows face to face communication most of the time. Telephone is also a main communicating element. Oral communication is used more that’s why they are freer.They use face to face communication they also said their male employees as brother and female employees as sister. There are no sir or madam addressing through the whole organization. Most of the time they use the verbal communication There is also downward, upward, and horizontal communication. It is a friendly work environment as a result it plays an important role in the whole communication process. Some time the organization arrange picnic or party the entire member attend the party. The recreation system is effective for better employee employer relationship.Some they go for tour in different countries. Although they are satisfied with their communication style but still there are some barriers to communicate with their higher level boss. Their formal communication style is not perfect through which they communicate with their boss. Page 22 of 25 4. 0 Chapter 4 : Conclusion The report on ‘The Communication Structure of Standard Chartered Bank’ was very useful to us for our experience. We came to know about the communication structure of a renowned organization. Their communication style is very rich.They have very effective communication system. The communication style of every public organization should follow the structure. We are grateful to our course instructor for giving us such an opportunity to do the report and enrich to our knowledge to a great extent. Page 23 of 25 5. 0 Chapter 5 : Recommendations Based on our findings, we now recommend the following†¢ They should remove the communication barrie rs between higher level managers and lower level managers †¢ Their men should work equal to their women †¢ They should enrich their formal communication styleBibliography Raman, M. , & Sharma, S. (2004). Technical Communication: Principles and Practice. New Delhi: Oxford University Press Research. (2007). Retrieved on December 3, 2008 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Research Robbins, S. P. , & Judge, T. A. (2007).Organizational Behavior. New Delhi: Prentice Hall. StandardChartered Bank (2004). Retrieved on 3rd December 2008 from http://www. standardchartered. com/bd/ Page 25 of 25